Hallmarks of Scientific Research Essay

Successful managerial determinations be seldom do on hunches or on trail and error mode. The sound and efficient decisions be incessantly made on the basis of scientific look into. scientific search focuses on solving problems in a step _by _step logical, nonionized and unmitigated manner in each step of look viz., identifying problem, conference data, analyzing it and in arriving at a valid conclusion. Organizations may non forever and a day be involved in the scientific explore due to discordant reasons like simple problems which groundwork solved with previous experience, time contingency, overleap of knowledge, resource constraints etc., However the scientific research per organize in a besotted and systematic way leads to repeatable and comparable research determinations. It besides enables the researchers to incur at accurate, dependable and indwelling findings. The hallmarks or distinguishing characteristic features of scientific research are as follow sPurposivenessThe research is conducted with a purpose. It has a focus. The purpose of the research should be clearly menti aced in an understandable and unambiguous manner. The statement of the decision problem should include its scope, its limitations and the precise meaning of all words and ground signifi plentyt to the research. Failure to mention the purpose clearly allow for suggest doubts in the minds of stakeholders of the research as to whether the researcher has sufficient taking into custody of the problem. harshnessRigor means carefulness, scrupulousness and the degree of exactness in research investigation. In order to make a meaningful and worthwhile region to the field of knowledge, research moldiness be carried out rigorously. Conducting a rigorous research requires a good theoretical knowledge and a clearly laid out regularityology. This exit eliminate the bias facilitate proper(a) data collection and analysis, which in turn would lead to sound and authorit ative research findings.Testability investigate should be establish on testable assumptions/hypotheses developed by and by a careful study of the problems involved. The scientific research should enable the examen of logically developed hypotheses to see whether or not the data imperturbable support the hypotheses developed.ReplicabilityResearch findings would command more faith and credence if the equal results are evolved on different set of data. The results of the test hypothesis should be supported again and again when the same type of research is repeat in otherwise similar circumstances. This leave alone ensures the scientific nature of the research conducted and more effrontery could be placed in the research findings. It likewise eliminates the doubt that the hypotheses are supported by chance and ensures that the findings reflect the true state of affairs. clearcutness and ConfidenceIn management research the findings are seldom definitive due to the fact that t he universe of items, events or cosmos are not taken as such but found on try out force from universe. thither is a hazard that the sample may not reflect the universe. Measurement errors and other problems are skip over to introduce an element of error in the findings. However the research offspring should ensure that the findings are as close to the reality as come-at-able so that one can have confidence in the findings.Precision refers to the closeness of the finding to reality based on sample. It reflects the degree of accuracy or exactitude of the results on the basis of the sample to what exactly is in the universe. The confidence interval in statistics is referred here as precision.Confidence refers to the probability that the estimation made in the research findings are correct. It is not plenty if the results are precise but it is also important to claim that 95% of the time the results would be true and there is only a 5% chance of the results being wrong. This is known as confidence level. If the precision and confidence levels of the research findings are higher therefore the findings of the research study would be more scientific and useful. Precision and confidence can be deliver the goods through appropriate scientific sample distribution design.ObjectivityResearch finding should be factual, databased and free from bias. The conclusion drawn should be based on the facts of the findings derived habitus the actual data and not on the basis of subjective or emotional values. Business organizations will suffer a greater end of damage if a non-data-based or misleading conclusion drawn from the research is implemented. Scientific approach ensures objectivity of research.GeneralizabilityIt refers to the scope of applying the research findings of one organizational setting to other settings of almost similar nature. The research will be more useful if the solutions are applicable to a wider range. The more generlizable the research, the g reater will be its usefulness and value. However it is not always contingent to generalize the research findings to all other settings, situations or organizations. For achieving genaralizability the sampling design has to be logically developed and data collection method needs to be very sound. This may increase the cost of conducting the research. In most of the cases though the research findings would be based on scientific methods it is applicable only to a particular organization, settings or situations.ParsimonyResearch needs to be conducted in a parsimonious i.e. simple and scotchal manner. Simplicity in explaining the problems and generalizing solutions for the problems is preferred to a complex research framework. thrift in research models can be achieved by way of considering slight number of variables leading to greater variance rather than considering more number of variables leading to less variance. Clear understanding regarding the problem and the factors influen cing the same will lead to parsimony in research activities. The sound understanding can be achieved through structured and unstructured interview with the concerned state and by undertaking a study of related literature in the problem area.The scientific research in management area cannot gratify all the above-discussed hallmarks to the fullest extent. In management research it is not always possible to conduct investigations that are 100% scientific like in somatic science as it is difficult to collect and measure the data regarding the feelings, emotions, attitudes and perception. It is also difficult to obtain representative sample these aspects restrict the generlizability of the findings. Though it is not possible to meet all the above said characteristics of the scientific research, to the extent possible the research activities should be pursued in the scientific manner. spring is the tool by which the human mind comes to understand the world. There are two processes by w hich reason tries to understand events deductive argumentation, based on generally accepted precepts, and inductive reasoning, in which general principles are formed from observed events. The field of political economy has deductive and inductive sides, which are complementary to each other. look at more Induction Vs. demonstration Economics eHow.com http//www.ehow.com/ closely_5427109_ installing-vs- significance-economics.htmlixzz2KoG5qmEy deduction in Economics Deductive economics starts with a set of axioms about economies and how they work, and relies on these principles to explain individual cases or events. Supply and charter analysis, a staple in any introductory economics course, is an example of deductive reasoning because it involves a set of generally accepted principles about demand and supply. To summarize, deduction in economics starts with a generally accepted principle and proceeds to the specific. Induction in Economics Inductive reasoning in economics does the reverse of deductive reasoning namely, it begins with an individual problem or question and proceeds to form a general principle based on the evidence observed in the real world of economic activity. For example, an economist who asks if a government program of public works spend will stimulate a regions economy will proceed to research the issue, collect and analyze data, and based on conclusions, form a general theory about the economic impact of pecuniary policies.Read more Induction Vs. Deduction Economics eHow.com http//www.ehow.com/about_5427109_induction-vs-deduction-economics.htmlixzz2KoGFvGGUInduction-Deduction Link Although deduction and induction represent two differing approaches to understanding economic phenomena, the 19th one C American economist Henry George observed that they are related. George noted that induction involves the use of human reason to investigate facts, while deduction is the derived of the former.Effects Applying Georges insight on deduction and induction in economics, deduction involves the use of economic principles and theories that have been falsifiablely verified through observation, research, and critical analysis. Generally accepted principles of supply and demand, for example, can inform our understanding of economic transactions only if they are based on empirical evidence, collected and analyzed through the inductive process.Features Induction in economics requires rigorous use of the methodology of economic research. This includes use of the mathematical moulding and statistical processes used in econometrics, or economic measurement. Findings from inductive reasoning because form economic theories used in deductive analysis.Read more Induction Vs. Deduction Economics eHow.com http//www.ehow.com/about_5427109_induction-vs-deduction-economics.htmlixzz2KoGNpTEsLogical arguments are normally classified as either deductive or inductive. Deduction In the process of deduction, you begin with some statements, ca lled premise, that are anticipate to be true, you then determine what else would have to be true if the premises are true. For example, you can begin by assuming that God exists, and is good, and then determine what would logically follow from such an assumption. You can begin by assuming that if you think, then you must exist, and work from there. In mathematics you can begin with some axioms and then determine what you can prove to be true given those axioms. With deduction you can provide absolute establishment of your conclusions, given that your premises are correct. The premises themselves, however, remain unproven and unprovable, they must be accepted on face value, or by faith, or for the purpose of exploration.Induction In the process of induction, you begin with some data, and then determine what general conclusion(s) can logically be derived from those data. In other words, you determine what theory or theories could explain the data. For example, you note that the prob ability of suitable schizophrenic is greatly increased if at least one bring up is schizophrenic, and from that you conclude that schizophrenia may be inherited. That is certainly a sensible hypothesis given the data. Note, however, that induction does not prove that the theory is correct. There are often alternative theories that are also supported by the data.For example, the behavior of the schizophrenic parent may cause the child to be schizophrenic, not the genes. What is important in induction is that the theory does indeed assert a logical explanation of the data. To conclude that the parents have no military issue on the schizophrenia of the children is not supportable given the data, and would not be a logical conclusion. Deduction and induction by themselves are curt for a scientific approach. While deduction gives absolute proof, it never makes come to with the real world, there is no place for observation or experimentation, no way to test the validity of the prem ises. And, while induction is driven by observation, it never approaches actual proof of a theory. The development of the scientific method involved a gradual synthesis of these two logical approaches.